Dr. Marc Schaeffer - Director of Research

E-mail: mschaef@american.edu
(202) 885-6277

EDUCATION
Graduate
Ph.D., Medical Psychology, 1985, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland.

Undergraduate
B.A., Psychology, 1973, The University of Texas at Austin (UT).

EMPLOYMENT
1990 - present Research Assistant Professor, National Center for Health Fitness (NCHF), American University (AU), Washington, D.C.
1989 - present Director of Research, NCHF, AU.
1988 - 1989 Biostatistician, NCHF, AU.
1987 - 1988 Visiting Scientist, Department of Medical Psychology, USUHS.
1986 - 1987 Biostatistician, Military Stress Studies Center, USUHS.
1985 - 1986 Post-Doctoral Fellow, Medical Psychology, USUHS.
1979 - present Biostatistician, Consultant.

PUBLICATIONS
Book Chapters
Schaeffer, M.A., Snelling, A.M., Stevenson, M.O., & Karch, R.C. Worksite health promotion evaluation. In J.P. Opatz (Ed.), Health Promotion, Human Kinetics Publishers, 1993.
Karch, R.C., Newton, D.L., & Schaeffer, M.A. Health promotion: Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness measures In C.T. Norback (Ed.), Human resource yearbook, Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1989.
Schaeffer, M.A. & Baum, A. Health psychology. In W. L. Gregory (Ed.), Introduction to applied psychology. Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foresman, andCompany, 1989.
Baum, A., Schaeffer, M.A., Lake, C.R., Fleming, R., & Collins, D.L. Psychological and endocrinological correlates of chronic stress at Three Mile Island. In R.B. Williams (Ed.), Perspectives on behavioral medicine Vol. II . New York: Academic Press, 1985.
Krantz, D.S., Glass, D.C., Schaeffer, M.A., & Davia, J.E. Behavior patterns and coronary disease: A critical evaluation. In J.T. Cacioppo & R.E. Petty (Eds.), Perspectives in cardiovascular physiology. New York: Guilford Press, 1982.

Journal Articles
Chuang, Y.C., Popma, J.J., Foegh, M.L., Battle, W.E., Schaeffer, M.A., Prunka, N., Leon, M.B. Effect of non-target lesion events on the predictive value of 6-month angiography for late (12 month) clinical outcome after PTCA. Journal of American College of Cardiology, February: 94A, 1995
Emanuelsson, H., Beatt, K.J., Bagger, J.P., Balcon, R., HeikkilŠ, J., Piessens, J., Schaeffer, M.A., Suryapranata, H., Foegh, M. Angiopeptin significantly improves 12 months event free survival following PTCA in a randomized double-blind study. Journal of American College of Cardiology, February: 80A, 1995.
Eriksen, U.H., Amtorp, O., Bagger, J.P., Emanuelsson, H., Foegh, M., Henningsen, P., SaunamŠki, K., Schaeffer, M.A., Thayssen, P., ¯rskov, H., Kuntz, R.E., Popma, J.J. Randomized double blind Scandinavian trial of Angiopeptin versus placebo for the prevention of clinical events and restenosis following coronary balloon angioplasty. American Heart Journal, 1995, 130, 1-8.
Emanuelsson, H., Beatt, K.J., Bagger, J.P., Balcon, R., HeikkilŠ, J., Piessens, J., Schaeffer, M.A., Suryapranata, H., Foegh, M. Long-term effects of Angiopeptin treatment in corornary angioplasty - reduction in clinical events, but not angiographic restenosis. Circulation, 1995, 91, 1689-1696.
Heilbraun, J., Snelling, A.M., Schaeffer, M.A. Comparison of total cholesterol meansuement using Relflotron capillary analysis and laboratory venous blood analysis. American Journal of Health Promotion, 1995, 9, 12-14.
Amtorp, O., Bagger, J.P., Emanuelsson, H., Eriksen, U.H., Foegh, M.L., Henningsen, P., Kuntz, R., Popma, J., SaunamŠki, K., Schaeffer, M.A., Thayssen, P. Continuous Angiopeptin infusion reduces coronary restenosis following balloon angioplasty. European Heart Journal, 1993, 14(Suppl.), 276.
Schaeffer, M.A., Baum, A., Paulus, P.B., & Gaes, G. Architecturally mediated effects of social density in prison. Environment and Behavior, 1988, 20, 3-19.
Schaeffer, M.A., Krantz, D.S., Weiss, S.M., Zoltick, J.M., Yaney, S.F., Karch, R.C., & Bedynek, J.L. Effects of Occupationally-based behavioral counseling and exercise interventions on Type A behavior and cardiovascular reactivity. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 1988, 10, 371-377.
Schaeffer, M.A., Mc Kinnon, W., Baum, A., Reynolds, C.P., Rikli, P., Davidson, L.M., & Fleming, I. Immune status as a function of chronic stress at Three Mile Island. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1985, 47, 85.
Gatchel, R.J., Schaeffer, M.A., & Baum, A. A psychophysiological field study of stress at Three Mile Island. Psychophysiology, 1985, 22, 175-181.
Schaeffer, M.A. & Baum, A. Adrenal cortical function in response to stress at Three Mile Island. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1984, 46, 227-237. Baum, A., Gatchel, R.J., & Schaeffer, M.A. Emotional, behavioral, and physiological effects of stress at Three Mile Island. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1983, 51, 565-572.
Krantz, D.S., Schaeffer, M.A., Davia, J.E., Dembroski, T.M., MacDougall, J.M., & Shaffer, R.T. Extent of coronary atherosclerosis, Type A behavior, and cardiovascular response tosocial interaction. Psychophysiology, 1981, 18, 654-666.
Pennebaker, J.W., Burnam, M.A., Schaeffer, M.A., & Harper, D.C. Lack of control as a determinant of perceived symptoms. Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 1977, 35, 167-174.

Papers Presented"Positive Outcomes in Health Risk, Absenteeism, Prodictivity, and Health Claims as a Function of Worksite Health Promotion Participation," M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to the American Journal of Health Promotion Annual Meeting, Orlando Florida, March, 1995.
"Health Risk Improvement as a Function of Military or Civilian Status," M.A. Schaeffer, A.M. Snelling, R.C. Karch, J.Ostensoe. Presentation to the Association for Worksite Health Promotion Annual Meeting, Portland, Oregon, 1994.
"Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Measures of Health Risk in a Corporate Wellness Program, " M.A. Schaeffer, M. Bergel, L.P. Williams, J. Ostensoe, E. Tzamaras, & A.M. Snelling. Presentation to Wellness in the Workplace Annual Conference, Baltimore, Maryland, May, 1994.
"Continuous Angiopeptin Infusion Reduces Coronary Restenosis Following Balloon ANgioplasty, " U.H. Eriksen, O. Amtorp, J.P. Bagger, H. Emanuelsson, M.L. Foegh, K. SaunamŠki, M.A. Schaeffer, & P Thayssen on behalf of the Angiopeptin Study Group. Presentation to the American Heart Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta Georgia, November, 1993.
"A Randomized Double-blind Scandinavian Trial of Angiopeptin versus Placebo for the Prevention of Restensois Following Coronary Balloon Angioplasty," O. Amtorp, J.P. BAgger, H Emanuelsson, U.H. Erisksen, M.L. Foegh, P. Henningsen, R.E. Kuntz, J. Popma, K. SaunamŠki, M.A. Schaeffer, & P Thayssen on behalf of the Angiopeptin Study Group. Presentation to the XVth Congress of the European Society of Cardiology, Nice, France, September, 1993.
"Financial Impact of Health Promotion: Methodological Issues," M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to the American Journal of Health Promotion Annual Meeting, Hilton Head, South Carolina, February, 1993.
"Total Cholesterol Comparison: Reflotron Capillary Analysis Versus Laboratory Venous Blood Analysis," J. Heilbraun, M. Bergel, L. Williams, M.A. Schaeffer, & A.M. Snelling. Presentation to the American Journal of Health Promotion Annual Meeting, Hilton Head, South Carolina, February, 1993.
"Measuring the Effectiveness of Health Promotion Programs: Challenges and Recent Advances," R.Z. Goetzel, C.J. Gaebelein, K. Glanz, & M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to the American Journal of Health Promotion Annual Meeting, Hilton Head, South Carolina, February, 1993.
"Statistical Considerations in Anticipation of Angiopeptin Final Analysis," M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to the Henri Beaufour Institute, USA Angiopeptin Investigators' Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, November, 1992.
"NDA Preparation from a Statistical Point of View," M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to the Henri Beaufour Institute, USA Clinical Research Associates' Annual Symposium, Washington, D.C. October, 1992.
"Economic Impact of the Headquarters, Army Materiel Command Health Promotion Program," M.A. Schaeffer, M.O. Stevenson, A.M. Snelling, D.L. Newton, M.J. Krieger, & R.C. Karch. Presentation to the Association for Fitness in Business Annual Conference, San Diego, California, September, 1992.
"Weight Loss Competition in a Blue-Collar WorkForce," A.M. Snelling & M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to the Association for Fitness in Business Annual Conference, San Diego, California, September, 1992.
"Clinical Trials Data and Statistical Analysis," M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to the Henri Beaufour Institute, USA Angiopeptin UK/Scandinavian PTCA-Study, Investigators' Meeting, Copenhagen, Denmark, April, 1992.
"Positive Outcomes of the Army Materiel Command Health Promotion Program," M.A. Schaeffer, M.O. Stevenson, & D.L. Newton. Presentation to Wellness in the Workplace Annual Conference, Long Beach, California, April, 1992.
"Reducing the Complexity of Worksite Health Promotion Evaluation," R.C. Karch & M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to the American Journal of Health Promotion Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, February, 1992.
"Measures of Health Risk, Absenteeism, Productivity, and Health Claims among Participants of the AMC Corporate Health Promotion Program," M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to the Department of Health Fitness Faculty-Student Seminar, The American University, Washington, D.C., November, 1991.
"Decision Making with Incomplete Information," M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to the Henri Beaufour Institute, USA Clinical Research Associates' Annual Symposium, Washington, D.C., October, 1991.
"Improvements in Health Risk, Absenteeism, and, Productivity as a Function of Health Promotion Participation," M.A. Schaeffer, M.O. Stevenson, M.S. Taitel, D.R. Arnold, R.C. Karch, A.M. Snelling, M.J. Krieger, & M. Watkins. Presentation to the Association for Fitness in Business Annual Conference, Phoenix, Arizona, September, 1991.
"A Stretching Class for Senior Women," S. Jessup, L. Campanelli, M.A. Schaeffer, & M.O. Stevenson. Presentation to the Association for Fitness in Business Annual Conference, Phoenix, Arizona, September, 1991.
"A Comprehensive Individualized Health-Fitness Cost-Benefit Study and Program: Initial Findings," M.S. Taitel, D.R. Arnold, M.J. Krieger, M.O. Stevenson, & M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to Wellness in the Workplace Annual Conference, Baltimore, Maryland, April 1991.
"Change in Total Cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and Selected Cholesterol-Controlling Behaviors as a Result of a Cholesterol Education Intervention," A. Snelling & M. A. Schaeffer. Presentation to The National Conference on Cholesterol and High Blood Pressure Control, Washington, D.C., April 1991
"An Effective Health Promotion in a Military/Civilian Staff," M.S. Taitel, M.J. Krieger, D.R. Arnold, M.O. Stevenson, & M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to The Society of Behavioral Medicine Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., March, 1991.
"The Impact of a Cholesterol-Education Intervention on Blood Cholesterol and Selected Cholesterol-Controlling Behaviors," A. Snelling & M. A. Schaeffer. Presentation to the American Journal of Health Promotion Annual Meeting, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, February, 1991.
"Tracking Success of Wellness Programs," M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to the Joint Southeast and Northeast Conference on Wellness, Alexandria, Virginia, October, 1990.
"Details Make the Difference in Statistical Analysis," M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to the Henri Beaufour Institute, USA Clinical Research Associates' Annual Symposium, Washington, D.C., September, 1990.
"Reductions of Health Risk at the Worksite Health Promotion Program at the Army MatŽriel Command," M. Stevenson, M.S. Taitel, M.A. Schaeffer, R.C. Karch, & J.M. Zoltick. Presentation to the Annual Conference of the National Council for International Health, Washington, D.C., June, 1990.
"Relationship of Immune Status with Markers of Chronic Stress," M.A. Schaeffer. Invited Colloquium, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, April, 1990.
"Worksite Health Promotion in the U.S. Army," R.C. Karch & M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to the Staff of the Executive Director of the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, Washington, D.C., March, 1990.
"A Comprehensive Individualized Health-Fitness Cost/Benefit Study and Program," M.S. Taitel, M. Stevenson, & M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to Wellness in the Workplace Annual Conference, Baltimore, Maryland, March, 1990.
"ARSTAF Health Promotion Results and Preliminary Finding of the AMC Health Promotion Project," R.C. Karch & M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to the AMC, Headquarters Command, Department of the Army, AMC, Headquarters, Alexandria, Virginia, November, 1989.
"A Preliminary View of the Worksite Health Promotion of the Army MatŽriel Command," R.C. Karch, M.A. Schaeffer, M. Stevenson, & M.S. Taitel. Presentation to the 5th Annual Conference on Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, October, 1989.
"Health Promotion in a Military-Civilian Setting: ARSTAF Corporate Fitness Project," R.C. Karch, D.L. Newton, & M.A. Schaeffer, J.M. Zoltick, R. Zajtchuk, & J.H. Rumbaugh. Presentation to the 5th Annual Conference on Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, October, 1989.
"Job Satisfaction and Turnover of Aerobic Dance Instructors in Health Promotion Programming," K. Eitel, B.L. Seaward, M.A. Schaeffer, & R.C. Karch. Presentation to the Association for Fitness in Business Annual Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September, 1989.
"Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Measures of Health Promotion," D.L. Newton & M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to Wellness in the Workplace Annual Conference, Long Beach, California, April, 1989.
"A Health Promotion Case Study," M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to People Company, Ltd., Wellness Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, April, 1989.
"Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Measures of Health Promotion in a Military-Civilian Staff," R.C. Karch, D.L. Newton, & M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to the World Economic Forum, Davos Switzerland, January, 1989.
"Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Measures of Health Promotion in a Military-Civilian Staff," R.C. Karch, D.L. Newton, & M.A. Schaeffer. Presentation to the Association for Fitness in Business Annual Meeting, Buffalo, New York, September, 1988.
"Preliminary Results of ARSTAF Health Promotion," D.L. Newton, M.A. Schaeffer, & J.M. Zoltick. Presentation to General Officers' Steering Committee, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, and Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff of Personnel, The Pentagon, Washington, D.C., April, 1988.
"Chronic Stress, Helplessness, and Immune Status," M.A. Schaeffer, L.M. Davidson, & A. Baum. Presentation to the American Psychological Association Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, August, 1985.
"Chronic Depression as a Function of Stress at Three Mile Island," M.A. Schaeffer, W. Mc Kinnon, & A. Baum. Presentation to the Eastern Psychological Association Annual Meeting, Boston, Massachusetts, March, 1985.
"Immune Status as a Function of Chronic Stress at Three Mile Island," M.A. Schaeffer, W. Mc Kinnon, A. Baum, C.P. Reynolds, P. Rikli, L.M. Davidson, & I. Fleming. Presentation to the American Psychosomatic Society Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., March, 1985.
"Hormonal Effects of Crowding in Prison," M.A. Schaeffer, A. Baum, & P.B. Paulus. Presentation to the Eastern Psychological Association Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, April, 1984.
"Stress, Adrenal Secretion, and Physical Symptoms in Medical Students," M.A. Schaeffer, R. Clymer, & A. Baum. Presentation to the Eastern Psychological Association Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, April, 1983.
"Adrenal Gland Secretion as a Function of Stress at Three Mile Island," M.A. Schaeffer, A. Baum, & R.J. Gatchel. Presentation to the Society for Psychophysiological Research Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, October, 1982.
"Consistency of Response to Stress at Three Mile Island," M.A. Schaeffer & A. Baum. Presentation to the American Psychological Association Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., August, 1982.
"Chronic Stress at Three Mile Island," M.A. Schaeffer, A. Baum, & J. Vautier. Presentation to the Eastern Psychological Association Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, April, 1982.
"Stress at Three Mile Island," A. Baum, C.R. Lake, R.J. Gatchel, C.S. Baum, S. Streufert, M.A. Schaeffer, R. Fleming, M. Wideman, M. Gisriel, & B. Thew. Presentation to the American Psychological Association Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, August, 1981.
"Investigation of Extent of Coronary Atherosclerosis, Type A Behavior, and Cardiovascular Response to Social Interaction," D.S. Krantz, M.A. Schaeffer, J.E. Davia, T.M. Dembroski, J.M. MacDougall, & R.T. Shaffer. Presentation to the Society for Psychophysiological Research Annual Meeting, Vancouver, B.C., October, 1980.
Technical Reports Schaeffer, M.A., Williams, L.P. Ostensoe, J.B., Karch, R.C. Annual management report for the Headquarters, Army Materiel Command Health Promotion Program 1995.
Prepared for the Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., September 1996.
Schaeffer, M.A., Williams, L.P. Ostensoe, J.B., Karch, R.C. Annual management report for the Headquarters, Army Materiel Command Health Promotion Program 1995.
Prepared for the Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., September 1995.
Schaeffer, M.A., Snelling, A.M., Bergel, M. Williams, L.P. Ostensoe, J.B., Karch, R.C. Annual management report for the Headquarters, Army Materiel Command Health Promotion Program 1994
Prepared for the Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., September 1994. Karch, R.C., Newton, D.L., Schaeffer, M.A., Zoltick, J.M., Zajtchuk, R., & Rumbaugh, J.H. Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness measures of health promotion in a military-civilian staff. Prepared for the Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., July, 1988. Japanese translation for People Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, April, 1993.
Schaeffer, M.A. Health Promotion Effectiveness Evaluation. Prepared for Hoechst Celanese, Somerville, New Jersey, May, 1991.
Karch, R.C., Schaeffer, M.A., Stevenson, M.O., Newton, D.L., Krieger, M.J., & Snelling, A.M. Effectiveness and Benefit Measures of the Headquarters, Army Materiel Command Health Promotion Program 1985-1989.
Prepared for Headquarters, Army Materiel Command the Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., November, 1991.
Schaeffer, M.A. A Computer Simulation of Health Promotion Induced Cost Savings. Prepared for ®tna Insurance Company, Hartford, Connecticut, September, 1990.
Schaeffer, M.A. Developing a Plan for Evaluating a Health Promotion Program. Prepared for ®tna Insurance Company, Hartford, Connecticut, August, 1989.
Karch, R.C., Johnson, C., Snelling, A.M., Seery-Smith, D., Stevenson, M., & Schaeffer, M.A.Strategic plan for the Allstate wellness program. Prepared for the Defense Mapping Agency, September, 1989.
Karch, R.C., Hills, K.J., Jackson, W.E., Mayer, R.M., Newton, D.L., Schaeffer, M.A., & Snelling, A.M. Strategic plan for the Allstate wellness program. Prepared for the Allstate Insurance Company, Chicago, Illinois, August, 1988.
Karch, R.C., Newton, D.L., Schaeffer, M.A., Zoltick, J.M., Zajtchuk, R., & Rumbaugh, J.H. Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness measures of health promotion in a military-civilian staff. Prepared for the Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, U.S.Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., July, 1988.
Schaeffer, M.A., & Rahe, R.H. Five-year follow-up of the former American hostages held in Iran. Prepared for the Military Stress Studies Center, Department of Psychiatry, USUHS, Bethesda, Maryland, September, 1986.
Schaeffer, M.A., & Rahe, R.H. Occupational stress, health outcomes, and mediating factors among Immigration and Naturalization Service personnel. Prepared for the Military Stress Studies Center, Department of Psychiatry, USUHS, Bethesda, Maryland, September, 1986.
Krantz, D.S. & Schaeffer, M.A. ODCSPER corporate fitness project: Effects of Type A counseling and exercise interventions on coronary prone behavior and cardiovascular reactivity. Prepared for the Surgeon General's Task Force on Fitness and Health, Department of the Army, U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1986.
Schaeffer, M.A. Measures of Self-report, urinary catecholamines, and salivary immunoglobulin-A in victims of chronic stress. Unpublished doctoral dissertation prepared for the Department of Medical Psychology, USUHS, Bethesda, Maryland, May, 1985.
Baum, A., Schaeffer, M.A., Collins, D.L., Fleming, R., Gatchel, R.J., & Singer, J.E. Psychological stress among Three Mile Island area residents and mediation of response by support and coping. Prepared for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C., May, 1983.
Baum, C.S., Schaeffer, M.A., Wideman, M., Reddy, D.M., & Yellin, A.K. Scientific research as a promotion: A preliminary investigation of effects in prescription drug advertisements. Prepared for the Division of Drug Advertising and Labeling, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C., January 1983.
Baum, A., Baum, C.S., Gatchel, R.J., Schaeffer, M. A., & Fleming, R. The nature and effects of stress. Prepared for the Cooperative Power Association, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, December, 1981.
Baum, A., Gatchel, R.J., Fleming, R., Lake, C.R., Baum, C.S., Fox, E., Gilchrist, M., Gisriel, M., Nespor, S., Reid, A., Schaeffer, M.A., Singer, J.E., Streufert, S., Thew, B., & Wideman, M. Chronic and acute stress associated with the Three Mile Island accident and decontamination: Preliminary findings of a longitudinal study. Prepared for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C., 1981.