Like the effects of tourism on coral reefs, this case centers on the tourist trade in Egypt and its harmful affects on the environment, with particular focus on the degradation of the ancient Egyptian monuments. Tourism has become one of the most dynamic sectors of the Egyptian economy. As a consequence, the decay of some of the world's most fabulous ancient relics has been proceeding at an alarming rate. Some say that if current rates continue unabated, within another one to two centuries the paintings and architecture of many of these monuments will be completely destroyed. Although there are no legal proceedings currently taking place, the potential exists mainly in international organizations that could exert pressure on Egypt to preserve its ancient treasures (8).

Saving Egypt's monuments will be a monumental task. The country boasts an estimated 10,000 antiquities sites which are irreplaceable. The tombs, temples, paintings and inscriptions add up to an astounding record of the lives and beliefs of a people in one of the world's most ancient civilizations which influenced the development of modern cultures throughout the world. The Egyptians are the guardians of this unique heritage, but they may have difficulty in preserving them (9).

The problems of age have just been compounded by the problems of modernity. The burgeoning Egyptian population now exceeds 53 million and continues to grow exponentially (the population was about a half million 75 years ago). The horrendous increase in pollution of Cairo, as a result of the population explosion, have contributed to the decay. Nearby factories and scores of motor vehicles spew clouds of exhaust which turns corrosive when dissolved by rain. Vibrations from tourist buses and cars, which until recently were allowed just a few feet from the pyramids, and also produced cracks in the monuments. Furthermore, corrosion of the ancient paintings is advanced by the tourists who touch and breath on these treasures (10).

However, the problem for Egypt is that tourism is such an important part of the Egyptian economy. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Egypt in 1990 was about $24 billion, of which tourism made up 10 percent. Tourist revenues increased from about $800 million in 1984/85 to over $2.5 billion in 1989/90. Furthermore, the amount of visitors almost doubled in the same period, from 1.3 million to 2.5 million. Though the tourist trade is highly vulnerable to regional conflicts and terrorism, as is evident now (recent outbreaks of terrorism have greatly reduced the tourist activity in Egypt), it shows great ability to rebound. The current downturn in tourism, however, is having a crippling effect on the Egyptian economy(11).

In finding cures to this problem, it will be imperative for the Egyptian authorities to take into account the tourism equation. First and foremost, Egypt must continue to depend on outside organizations such as UNESCO or preservation groups for money. Scientific research is imperative in finding solutions devoid of the earlier mishaps. Many previous restoration projects have proved more harmful than good. There are also steps Egyptian authorities can take. Continued regulation of vehicles and tourism around the monuments through higher fees and/or legislation is probably the least costly and most efficacious. The bottom line is that tourism must somehow be limited to save the monuments of one of the world's most ancient civilizations (12).

4). Jam Tour:

Tourism is both Jamaica's largest foreign exchange earner and one of its fastest growing industries. A recent environmental study commissioned by the Organization of American States (OAS) surveyed the natural resource base which supports tourism and concluded that this base is "heavily stressed" in and around the three main tourist centers. The problem is that these areas now support large populations of transients with high-income lifestyles and these impacts harm both the environment and the people of Jamaica. It could also spoil Jamaica and lead to its own ruin (13).

"Balancing Jamaica's ecology and tourism is a precarious dance to an insistent reggae beat." Tourism generates even more foreign exchange for the country than the bauxite industry, creating jobs and a chance for a brighter future. However, with tourism comes development, bringing pressures to local people and their environment. The island's visiting population has more than tripled in 20 years -- now equal to almost half the size of its native, resident population. "Although the impact is rather different if the transient population increases at this rate than if the permanent population does, an increase in the tourist population of this magnitude poses very similar challenges as any other kind of population increase." In both situations, the critical factor involved is the maintenance of the natural environment. Reports have indicated that the natural resource bases that support the island's tourism trade is heavily stressed around the three main tourist centers. The reports identify the following principal sources of environmental degradation: (a) inadequate sewage treatment and disposal facilities is causing deteriorating water quality and reef damage; (b) storm water discharge is transporting silt and pollutant into coastal waters; (c) shore line construction, dredging and reef damage have caused beach erosion and; (d) coastal development is contributing to the destruction of wetlands, important as fish nurseries and wildlife habitat and as buffers against water pollution and coastal erosion. The four sources of environmental degradation in Jamaica are similar to the degradation problems in the Gulf of Aqaba (14).

5). Cancun:

Cancun, once one of most unfettered tropical areas in Latin America, is today one of the most visited tourist destinations in Mexico. Cancun is located on an island and is comprised of beautiful white sandy beaches, turquoise waters, an abundance of coral, and a lagoon that is home to a wide variety of indigenous species. The resulting tourist industry extensively damaged the lagoon, obliterated sand dunes, led to the extinction of varying species of animals and fish, and destroyed the rain-forest which surrounds Cancun. More than 20 years later, the Mexican government has moved to limit projects along the coast in an attempt to prevent further damage to its already eroded environment (15).

In 1974 the Fondo Nacional De Fomento al Turismo (FONATUR) was created to supply financial support, at nominal interest rates, for the construction of hotels, tourist condominiums, restaurants, and other facilities related to tourism. Since 1974 FONATUR has financed approximately 85% of the hotel rooms built in Mexico since the agency was first created. As recently as 1991, investors earmarked over $10.8 billion to spur the growth of Mexico's tourist industry over a period of three years. The result of Mexico's plan to raise hard currency has been the construction of some 19,000 hotel rooms, 1.5 million visitors per year, and approximately 260,000 permanent residents in a once desolate area (16).

There have been adverse environmental effects as a result of the governments drive to develop mega-projects along Mexico's coast. Cancun's carrying capacity has been exceeded to a point where the benefits of tourism are beginning to significantly diminish. The carrying capacity of Cancun can be defined as the threshold of tourist activity beyond which facilities are saturated (physical capacity), the environment is degraded (environmental capacity), or visitor enjoyment is diminished (perceptual or psychological capacity). Among these three capacities the latter two are the most relevant to Cancun's current situation. However, these three capacities are relevant to the increased environmental predicaments the Gulf of Aqaba would be put through if implementations are not initiated (17).

IV. Comparison and Contrast

There are many similarities between the problems that accompany the various cases and the Gulf of Aqaba. Regarding the Great Barrier Reef, the most obvious difference is its size compared to the Gulf of Aqaba. Whereas the Great Barrier Reef stretches 1,250 mile along the northeastern coast of Australia and covers an area about half the size of Texas, the Gulf of Aqaba is a semi-enclosed sea just 180 kilometers long. The short coastlines of Israel and Jordan are by no means strategically insignificant, but they are relatively short - 14 and 27 kilometers, respectively. The coastlines of Egypt and Saudi Arabia dominate the eastern and western portions of the Gulf and are separated by 14 to 26 kilometers of the Gulf’s waters.

In the Gulf’s waters, like in the Great Barrier Reef, are several distinctive coral communities. Inhabiting the reef system of Aqaba are nearly 1,000 species of fish, 110 species of reef building coral, and 120 species of soft corals. The Great Barrier Reef alone is home to "10,000 species of sponge, 350 species of coral, 4,000 species of molluscs, 350 species of echinoderms and more than 1500 species of fish. Divers estimate it would take a thousand dives just to see the reef's highlights." Species range in size from a few inches to a few feet, in shapes from "torpedo to pancake," and come in all the colors of the rainbow and in between. The 80,000 year old Reef is also "the breeding area for a number of rare and endangered species. Humpback whales come from the Antarctic to give birth to their young in Reef waters. Six of the World's seven species of sea turtle breed on the Reef."

As noted earlier, the Gulf of Aqaba is a semi-enclosed sea with its coral reefs and abundant marine life facing threats from municipal sewage, industrial pollutants, oil spills, and unregulated tourism. Unfortunately, the semi-enclosed configuration of the Gulf, which fails to expedite the dispersion of contaminants, coupled with minimal wave activity, renders the Gulf susceptible to pollution. However, unlike the Great Barrier Reef, the Gulf of Aqaba does not receive nearly as much annual influx from tourism. Compared to the Great Barrier Reef’s 1.2 million visitors, the Gulf of Aqaba receives less than a quarter of the amount of visitors the Barrier Reef receives.

The increase in tourism is also a problem for the majority of the evaluated cases. Tourism and the desire to build infrastructure for tourism has already caused significant damage to coastal ecosystems. The development of hotel resorts has led to the damage of both the coastline and the delicate coral reefs in Australia and the Gulf of Aqaba. With the construction of hotels, comes the runoff of heavy sedimentation and the suffocation of the coral. Many people are beginning to complain that thus far, tourism has been linked with the economy and the environment but not with sustainability. Tourism should provide countries with economic incentives to preserve their ecological resources. This economic incentive is reached indirectly: if developers pollute swimming areas with industrial wastes, kill too much coral, or even ruin too many views, the tourists will not come to the region where the coral live. Until a strategy is created which includes this component, tourism will have an adverse impact on the coral reefs in the Gulf of Aqaba and the Great Barrier Reef.

An additional harm would come when and if an oil spill occurs. There are numerous shipping and industrial activities that could cause a major oil spill at any time. Although oil spills are detrimental in any habitat of the world, it is of particular importance to prevent oil spills and the resulting ecological damage in the Gulf of Aqaba and the Great Barrier Reef because of their delicate physical characteristics: their unique and vulnerable marine habitats, and their highly valued recreational beaches. The physical characteristics of a body of water in which an oil spill occurs are of paramount importance in determining how the oil will spread, what its impact on the environment will be, and what methods will be used to clean up the spill. Management of the spill would be "hindered by a lack of information as to the environmental impact of detergents used to contain the spread."

Despite the numerous methods of cleaning a possible oil spills, coordination amongst any party affected must be the number one priority. Without coordination and communication, a relatively timid spill can be detrimental to the ecosystem of the Gulf of Aqaba and the Great Barrier Reef. Regional plans have to be drawn up for any region that can be involved in an oil spill. Under the contingency plan, it is hoped that coordination efforts will be undertaken in the event of an oil spill. While some spillage of oil into the Gulf of Aqaba and the Great Barrier Reef is inevitable, the impacts of these spills can be minimized if nations dedicate themselves to developing and implementing regulations.

Similar to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, the Coral Reef Initiative provides a platform of action necessary to reverse the trend of coral degradation. Some of the International Coral Reef Initiative’s objectives call for: governments and international organizations to strengthen commitments to and implement programs at the local, national, regional, and international levels to conserve, restore, and promote sustainable use of coral reefs and associated environments; the strengthening capacity for development and implementation of policies, management, research, and monitoring of coral reefs and associated environments; establishing and maintaining coordination of international, regional and national research and monitoring programs, including the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network to ensure efficient use of scarce resources and a flow of information relevant to the management of coral reefs and associated environments. Although protecting coral is important, other habitats must also be protected in order to avoid an environmental catastrophe (18).

The three points that have endangered the green turtles - predators, oil spills, and the capture of the green turtles - can be related to the environmental concerns in the Gulf of Aqaba. Oil spills are detrimental in any part of the world. However, oil spills are most often the result of human error. Although the reefs do not have natural predators, humans can pose a threat to the survival of the reefs. Industrialization around the Gulf of Aqaba adds significantly to the pollution of the marine environment. The exportation of phosphate from Jordanian industries is a major type of pollution from the port of Aqaba. Approximately one percent of phosphate is lost into the atmosphere during the loading process. The sedimentation settles in the Gulf of Aqaba, increasing the water born phosphate concentration. The increase of phosphate in the sea leads to several possible consequences, the most serious being "phosphate poisoning." Phosphate dust can bring about the death of corals through stress caused by reduced light intensity and increased sediment load (19).

Another man made concern are oil spills. An oil spill is probably the most visually compelling and thus infamous form of environmental degradation witnessed that can affect any habitat within Middle Eastern and Persian Gulf waters. Similar to its affects on green turtles, oil pollution can damage the reproductive system of corals, interfere with the production of larvae, and inhibit normal settling. Oil can also induce feeding and behavioral changes among fauna. Experiments indicate a range of responses to oil, including abnormal mouth opening and feeding behavior, mucus secretion, decreased growth rate, and increased rate of tissue death (20).

Unlike green turtles, coral reefs are stationary and thus, are very difficult to capture. However, inappropriate monitoring and regulation of tourism have proven rather destructive to coral reef ecosystems. A marked difference in coral densities and an abundance of fauna may be observed between reefs that experience low and high visitor frequency rates. In the absence of regulation and education, tourists have a proclivity for breaking off pieces of living coral, spearfishing, and killing corals by stepping on them or anchoring in the reef areas. Although coral reefs cannot be captured or stolen, the destruction of coral is a type of thievery because others would not be allowed to enjoy the beauty and intrigue of this unique marine habitat .

As a result of the concerns of the green turtle and the coral reefs, governmental partners have committed themselves in the support and the establishment of the National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD) and the International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI), respectively (21). Some of ICRI’s objectives call for: governments and international organizations to strengthen commitments to and implement programs at the local, national, regional, and international levels to conserve, restore and promote sustainable use of coral reefs and associated environments; the strengthening capacity for development and implementation of policies, management, research, and monitoring of coral reefs and associated environments; establishing and maintaining coordination of international, regional and national research and monitoring programs, including the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network to ensure efficient use of scarce resources and a flow of information relevant to the management of coral reefs and associated environments (22).

Similar steps have been taken by some Gulf states, especially Saudi Arabia, to protect and preserve the green turtle with the NCWCD. Saudi Arabia has been working with the European Union to establish protected wildlife sanctuaries in the Persian Gulf not just for the green turtle but for many species of birds as well. The Saudis have declared several uninhabited islands as sanctuaries including Ganah, Karan, Jurayt, Kurayn and Harqus. Other conservation efforts include tagging turtles to monitor their life cycles and behaviors. They are also working with the other Gulf states (including Qatar) through the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) to set up a database to coordinate conservation information and activities. Thus, the successful preservation of the coral reefs and the green turtle is still possible. The next two cases can be evaluated as premonitions of what the future can bring for the Gulf of Aqaba if restrictions to tourism are not implemented.

In the previous two TED cases, the environmental impacts of living organisms were analyzed -- coral reefs and green turtles. Although very similar to the previous two cases, the next TED case will pertain to how human contact affects inanimate objects - the ancient monuments of Egypt.

Although many of the environmental impacts affect living organisms, environmental degradation can also affect objects built by humans. Like coral reefs, once ancient pyramids erode, replacing them or restoring their beauty is impossible. Therefore, like coral reefs, preserving the Egyptian monuments requires the resources and knowledge of international organizations. In addition, tourist influx must regulated in order to prevent further degradation from taking place. As noted earlier, in order to combat environmental degradation, countries such as Egypt and those that are affected by environmental conditions that harm irreplaceable objects must depend on United Nation organizations or preservation groups for possible financial assistance and expertise. However, despite the solutions, the underlying factor affecting the degradation of the environment are humans.

Due to increased industrial development along the northern Gulf of Aqaba and the expansion of cities near the pyramids, a constant decrease in the density of living coral and the destruction of the pyramids have been observed (23). Similar to the effects from pollution on the pyramids, factors that reduce light penetration, such as continuous thick films of oil, interrupt the photosynthetic cycle of specific coral reefs. Furthermore, divers (tourists) break off pieces of coral affecting the health of the coral. Therefore, successful tourism development in the Gulf of Aqaba region and the Egyptian monument locations will require vigilant environmental control and preservation if tourists are to be attracted to the sites. The lack of environmental control will severely restrict the country’s ability to attract private capital and international visitors. Environmental impact assessments are required for tourism development projects in the Gulf of Aqaba zone and elsewhere (24). In conclusion of the comparison of the Egyptian monuments and the coral reefs, preservation should be the overriding concern because if there is too much pollution, which in turn affects the beauty or intrigue of tourist sites, the tourist will not come to the country.

The next two TED cases analyze how tourism has contributed to environmental degradation in Jamaica and Cancun. The two cases act as a sort of precursor to possible impacts tourism can have on the environmental stability in the Gulf of Aqaba.

Urbanization affects the environmental conditions of the Gulf in various ways. One of the most serious aspects of expanding urbanization is the strong tendency to develop the coast in a strip-like fashion, which inevitably degrades the environment along the coast (25). It would be more beneficial and desirable in Jamaica and the Gulf of Aqaba to direct development away from the coast, protecting the marine habitats and shore for fisheries, recreation, and tourism. Another consequence and similarity in the Gulf of Aqaba and Jamaica is the discharge of sewage in the Gulf. Until 1987, untreated sewage was discharged directly into the Gulf in the vicinity of the port of Aqaba. Since then, the city of Aqaba, Jordan began treating its sewage at an inland plant, and today it no longer discharges sewage into the Gulf. However, untreated sewage and wastewater may enter the Gulf from other sources in Jordan and from other cities around the Gulf. The negative affects of this sewage are increased suspended matter resulting in reduced light penetration, and human health problems associated with coliform bacteria on recreational beaches (26).

Urbanization often entails extensive coastal construction, which affects shore zones and near shore waters due to increased sediment loading and the infilling of sea areas. The settling out onto the seabed of significant quantities of sand put into suspension by various agents, including human activities, is probably the major cause of damage to marine life in the Gulf of Aqaba and in waters off the coast of Jamaica. Coral reefs are not able to tolerate heavy sedimentation generated by coastal infilling and construction. Industrialization - coastline development and shoreline construction - has also increased the potential risk of environmental degradation (27).

Industrialization around the Gulf of Aqaba adds significantly to the pollution of the marine environment. The exportation of phosphate from Jordanian industries is a major type of pollution from the port of Aqaba. Approximately one percent of phosphate is lost into the atmosphere during the loading process. The particles settle in the Gulf of Aqaba, increasing the water born phosphate concentration. The increase of phosphate in the sea leads to several possible consequences, the most serious being "phosphate poisoning." Phosphate dust can bring about the death of corals through stress caused by reduced light intensity and increased sediment load (28).

Industries in the Gulf of Aqaba often use water for cooling and other manufacturing processes. Power generation and fertilizer production are currently the primary sources of heated effluents released into coastal marine water from the city of Aqaba. Several thousand cubic meters of water are released per hour in the form of jets 180 meters off shore and at a depth of 20 meters. A consequence of the discharge into the Gulf is that the water is 3 degrees Celsius higher than that of the surrounding water, which has an average temperature of 23.1 degrees Celsius. Considering that the Gulf of Aqaba marine organisms live within a few degrees of their upper thermal limits, an increase in temperature of about one or a few degrees Celsius can have profound affects on these organisms (29).

Industrial discharges into the Gulf also contain suspended particles. Identifying the effects of these contaminants on the marine environment is important; any factor that reduces light penetration, such as a continuous thick film of oil, interrupts the photosynthetic cycle of specific coral reefs, leading to secondary effects. Corals need sunlight because they depend for their survival on tiny algae that live in their tissues. The photosynthetic algae provide the polyps with carbon, and benefit in return from nitrates and phosphates produced as waste by the polyps. The lack of sunlight also upsets the relationship between the polyps and their algae. When there is an ample supply of nutrients in the water, the algae no longer depend on their host for these materials. Although the algae proliferate in the host cells, they begin to withhold the products of photosynthesis from the polyp, which starves. Eventually the algae either leave or are expelled by the host (30).

Heavy metals also pose a serious threat to the environment in the Gulf of Aqaba. Sources of metals include land-based operations such as klinker production and fertilizer manufacture in Aqaba and sea-water desalinization in Eilat. Like phosphate, some metals enter the sea via the atmosphere as dust particles carried by northerly prevailing winds (31). Unlike industrialization, and unlike Jamaica, the countries bordering the Gulf of Aqaba do not have the influx of tourist per year as does Jamaica and Cancun, thereby alleviating any further potential harm caused by humans against the environment.

Unlike Jamaica and Cancun, the popularity of the Gulf of Aqaba has not reached the status as the two locations in the Western Hemisphere. The countries bordering the Gulf of Aqaba, therefore, can prevent possible environmental impacts that affect the Gulf. However, new challenges concerning the environment now face the region. Economic growth is an added benefit that has resulted from peace, however, the actors must take into account that development is sustainable development and that it should take into consideration the needs of the environment. Measures should be continued to prevent environmental degradation; innovative means should be continued to ensure that development is carried out in an environmentally sound matter. These potential innovative measures should be targeted at tourists and the tourism industry.

Although tourism is important because of the need for foreign exchange earnings, successful tourism development in all regions of the world will require vigilant environmental control and preservation if tourists are to be attracted to the new sites. The lack of environmental control will severely restrict the country’s ability to attract private capital and international visitors. However, as noted earlier, tourism and the desire to build infrastructure for tourism has already caused significant damage to coastal ecosystems. Tourism should provide poor countries with economic incentives to preserve their ecological resources. This economic incentive is reached indirectly: if developers pollute swimming areas with industrial wastes, kill to much coral, or even ruin too many views, the tourists will not come to the country. In Egypt, the tourist industry would be better served if the national government spent its available funds on cleaning up the Nile and fighting air pollution in Cairo rather than building resorts (32).

Successful tourism will depend on the availability of clean, non-polluted water and healthy coral reef ecosystems. Tourism can be an environmentally friendly way of generating income from coral reef ecosystems, but only when resort development and operations are carefully controlled. Therefore, increased development requires more education. Conservation education will be especially important for tourists. Hotels and other tourist attractions should develop or be provided entertaining educational programs and literature for visitors (33). Inappropriate monitoring and regulation of tourism have proven rather destructive to coral reef ecosystems. A marked difference in coral densities and an abundance of fauna may be observed between reefs that experience low and high visitor frequency rates. In the absence of regulation and education, tourists will further contribute to the degradation of the environment.

V. Policy Implications

Although in the majority of the cases the problem has been well- defined and documented, corrective measures have yet to be established. Some serious measures have been published, however these measures have been ignored by countries and organizations who continue to industrialize without any concern of any environmental implications. Regarding tourism, all TED cases, with the exception of the Green Turtle case, reflect on the lack of respect towards the environment host tourism countries have shown. This has resulted in further destruction of the environment as the tourist pressures increase. There is a constant struggle between the maintenance of the natural habitat and the improvement of economic goals. With the overall increase in the tourism trade, closer attention needs to be given in terms of developing a comprehensive environmental policy.

Governments and international organizations should strengthen their commitments to and implement programs at the local, national, regional, and international levels to conserve, restore, and promote safe environmental techniques to preserve habitats. As noted earlier, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and the Coral Reef Initiative provide a focus on the plight of reefs and on the actions necessary to reverse the trend of degradation. These two initiatives should be used as models for other governments to adopt. Establishing and maintaining coordination of international, regional and national research and monitoring programs is also important to ensure efficient use of scarce resources and a flow of information relevant to the management of endangered habitats and associated environments. In order for these models to be more effective, an information network should be implemented to assist those governments and organizations that want to protect endangered habitats.

A directory of experts or individuals and organizations working in marine habitat protection would be useful to organizations and agencies that require consultants on technical, scientific, or policy making. Funding from the United Nations, governments, and other international organizations should be a mandatory requirement to implement a better system in collecting information. Data on pollution control technology and emergency equipment should be available to control various forms of pollution which affect endangered habitats is necessary in order for any state to deal more effectively with such emergencies.

Funding for an Information System may be difficult in light of the shaky relationships among various actors in the world. In light of certain constraints across numerous continental shelves, regions would require the patronage of an international organization such as the United Nations Environment Program. If certain projects were handed over to UNEP, the United Nations might contribute partial or full funding on a continuous basis for the operation and maintenance of the Information System. Financial support could also be solicited from corporations and states interested in donating equipment as an opportunity to prevent the ecosystem of any continental shelf from degrading. With relevant information on any given habitat and capable decision-makers, an Information System could greatly improve current efforts to protect the threatened habitats of the world.

Governmental priority must be placed on the development and implementation of integrated coastal zone management strategies to effectively manage the ecosystems across all continental shelves. Strategies should address human activities in the coastal and marine areas and involve the combination of: public education. Community development; global legal instruments; institutional restructuring and the regulation and enforcement of environmental laws that have been violated by governments and international organizations should be enforced. These techniques must be used in combination with one another. They must be supported from scales ranging from the village to the nation, and of course, at the regional level. The techniques must be oriented towards the long term sustainability of ecosystems and designed to be adaptive to different cultures and governments, and changing situations without comprising effectiveness if the protection of the environment is take place for future generations to enjoy (34).

V. Further Information

A. Bibliography:

Al-Khoshman, Mahmoud A.; "Oil Spill Prevention, Cleanup, and Emergency Response in the Gulf of Aqaba: A Technical Analysis;" Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge; Environmental Law Institute;Washington, D.C.: February 1993; pg. 217.

El-Halaby, Khaled; "Toward Establishing an Environmental Information System for the Gulf of Aqaba;" Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge; Environmental Law Institute;Washington, D.C.: February 1993.

Jamenson, Stephen C. · McManus, John W. · Spalding, Marc D.; State of the Reefs: Regional and Global Perspectives; "An International Coral Reef Initiative Executive Secretariate Background Paper;" May 1995, pgs. 12, 24.

Mancy, Khalil Hosny; "Gulf of Aqaba Ecological Overview and Call to Action;" Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge; Environmental Law Institute; Washington, D.C.: February 1993; pg. 19.

Sachs, Aaron; "The Aqaba Paradigm: A Shared Oasis;" World Watch; Vol. 6 No. 6, November · December 1993; pg. 7.

Sandler, Deborah; "Environmental Law and Policy for the Gulf of Aqaba: An Israeli Perspective;" Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge; Environmental Law Institute; Washington, D.C.: February 1993;.

Sultan, Fouad; "Tourism Development: An Egyptian Perspective;" Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge; Environmental Law Institute; Washington, D.C.: February 1993;

Wahbeh, Mohammed; "Agenda for Scientific Research in the Gulf of Aqaba;" Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge; Environmental Law Institute;Washington, D.C.: February 1993; pg. 30.

Watzman, Harim; "Red Sea Pays the Price of Peace;" New Scientist; No. 1965; February 18, 1995; pg. 9.

B. Web Sites:

Ben-Tal, Danny; Peace and Pollution; http://ariga.co.il/peacebiz/green/pollute.htm

../../BARRIER.HTM

../../CANCUN.HTM

../../EGYPT.HTM

../../GREEN.HTM

../../JAMTOUR.HTM

http://www.arabia.com.melad/June/Fel.html

http://www.israel.org/peace/projects/projects.html

International Coral Reef Initiative; http://www.nos.noaa.gov/icri/csd/whole.html

http://www.nos.noaa.gov/icri/state.html

C. Endnote:

(1) ../../BARRIER.HTM

(2) ../../CANCUN.HTM

(3) ../../BARRIER.HTM

(4) Ibid.

(5) Ibid.

(6) Ibid.

(7) ../../GREEN.HTM

(8) ../../EGYPT.HTM

(9) Ibid.

(10) Ibid.

(11) Ibid

(12) Ibid.

(13) ../../JAMTOUR.HTM

(14) Ibid.

(15) ../../CANCUN.HTM

(16) Ibid.

(17) Ibid.

(18). ../../BARRIER.HTM

(19) Wahbeh, Mohammed; "Agenda for Scientific Research in the Gulf of Aqaba;" Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge; Environmental Law Institute;Washington, D.C.: February 1993; pg. 30.

(20) Ibid.

(21) International Coral Reef Initiative; http://www.nos.noaa.gov/icri/csd/whole.html

(22) Ibid.

(23) Wahbeh, Mohammed; "Agenda for Scientific Research in the Gulf of Aqaba;" Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge; Environmental Law Institute;Washington, D.C.: February 1993; pg. 28.

(24) Sultan, Fouad; "Tourism Development: An Egyptian Perspective;" Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge; Environmental Law Institute; Washington, D.C.: February 1993;

(25) Mancy, Khalil Hosny; "Gulf of Aqaba Ecological Overview and Call to Action;" Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge; Environmental Law Institute; Washington, D.C.: February 1993; pg. 19.

(26) Ibid; pg. 29.

(27) Ibid.

(28) Wahbeh, Mohammed; "Agenda for Scientific Research in the Gulf of Aqaba;" Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge; Environmental Law Institute;Washington, D.C.: February 1993; pg. 30.

(29) Ibid.

(30) Watzman, Harim; "Red Sea Pays the Price of Peace;" New Scientist; No. 1965; February 18, 1995; pg. 9.

(31) Ibid; pg. 31.

(32) Sachs, Aaron; "The Aqaba Paradigm: A Shared Oasis;" World Watch; Vol. 6 No. 6, November · December 1993; pg. 7.

(33) Jamenson, Stephen C. · McManus, John W. · Spalding, Marc D.; State of the Reefs: Regional and Global Perspectives; "An International Coral Reef Initiative Executive Secretariate Background Paper;" May 1995, pgs. 12, 24.

(34) Ibid; pg. 26.