Dr Michael Salla
Office: SIS Annex 11B
Phone: (202) 885 1888
Email: msalla@american.edu
 
Office Hours:
Monday 7-8 pm
Wednesday 1-2pm
or by appointment

Course Description
This course introduces students to interventionary efforts from a variety of actors at the governmental and non-governmental spheres levels at managing and resolving international conflict. Emphasis will be on identifying the cooperative elements of such interventions, and how these efforts can be improved with the twin aims of increasing the chances of successful intervention, and of facilitating greater global cooperation as a normative goal in itself. The main concept consequently used in the course will be cooperative security. Students will be introduced to a computer software program, CASCON, which provides a tool for analyzing historical and ongoing conflicts, and applying any insights gained to emerging or ongoing conflicts. Students will be introduced to contemporary debates on how states, multilateral governmental organizations, and non-government organizations can best cooperate in the management and resolution of international conflict. Students will also 'adopt' a conflict for the semester and follow this closely in order to report to the class contemporary efforts underway to resolve it, and will design a grant proposal that could be used for fundraising purposes.

At the end of the course students should understand how cooperative security is conceptualized and applied in global affairs; an understanding of a range of interventionary efforts to managing global conflict; have acquired a basic competence in using CASCON; and have some experience in writing grant proposals.

Course Requirements and Evaluation

1. Class Participation - 10%
Your participation will be graded on the basis of three criteria: clarity; content; and context. Clarity refers to whether your comments are clear, coherent and comprehensible. Are you making yourself understood? Content refers to the substance of your remarks. Are your comments thoughtful, well-informed and to the point? Context refers to how well you integrate your comments with issues pertinent to the course or to ongoing class discussion. Do you build upon or refer to what others have said?

Class discussion comes more easily for some people than for others. By temperament or habit, some are 'talkers' while others are 'listeners'. Learn to be both. An old Ghanian proverb says that 'we have two ears and one mouth, learn to use them in proportion!' If you are a 'talker', learn to give enough space for others to speak. If a 'listener', try to participate more in discussions even if this means asking questions. Intelligent questioning is just as important as thoughtful commenting!

2. CASCON Exercise - 20%
To help you learn basic features of the CASCON computer program, there will be a Lab session to demonstrate CASCON by completing a number of in-class tasks. You will be then be expected to complete an exercise intended to consolidate a basic understanding of the CASCON computer program. It is important that you attend the Lab session otherwise you will great difficulty completing the exercise. The exercise is at the end of the syllabus. This will be due on Nov 2, one week after the computer Lab session.

3. Seminar Presentation - 10%
Each week from Sept 14 - Nov 23 (excepting Nov 2) students will make individual presentations of between 10 - 15 minutes analyzing a conflict from the perspective of the key questions and issues raised in the set readings for the scheduled seminar. Points that need to be addressed in your presentation are: 'how are the central issues raised in the set reading relevant to the conflict under investigation?'; 'does the conflict give any answers to some of the issues and questions raised in the reading?'; 'what interventionary efforts have been tried and how successful have these been in managing the conflict'?

Students are expected to hand out a two page summary of their presentation that outlines both the case history and their responses to the above points. Note, that only five minutes of total presentation time should be spent narrating case history.

4. Research Proposal - 30%
You will be expected to work in groups of two in preparing a research proposal of between 12-15 pages for a project aimed at managing an international conflict - this can be the same as for one or both of the conflicts in your seminar presentations. Your proposal should contain, synopsis, aims, methodology, organization of any project events, timetable, resources needed, and budget. You will be given ten to fifteen minute to present your proposal on Nov 30. Submission of the Proposal is Dec 7. You should hand out a two outline of your proposal to the rest of the class.

5. Take Home Exam - 30%
Five exam questions will be distributed in the final seminar on December 7. You are asked to write on three questions (maximum length is 12 double spaced typewritten pages for exam - 4 pages per question). You are required to reference your papers & attach a bibliography. Due on December 14.

Further Note: There is an ever growing number of Worldwide Web links with reports, statements, articles, etc., concerning peace and conflict resolution. You can access many of these links by clicking the Peace and Conflict Resolution links on my homepage. Further Research Links provides links to think tanks and research organizations with relevant material. A good source of up to date information is Colombia International Affairs Online (http://www.ciaonet.org) which can be accessed from most computers on the AU network.
 
Required Texts

• Chester A. Crocker, ed. Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict. Washington, DC.: US Institute of Peace, 1996
• Lincoln Bloomfield. Managing International Conflict: From Theory to Policy. St Martin's Press, 1997.
• Janne Nolan, Global Engagement: Cooperation and Security in the 21st Century. The Brookings Institute, 1994.
• Gareth Evans. Cooperating for Peace. St. Leonards, NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1993
• Louise Diamond & John McDonald, Multitrack Diplomacy, 3rd ed (West Hartford, CT.: Kumarian Press, 1996)

• Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace, 2nd Edition. New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1995. (This is out of print but both the original 1992 document and the 1995 supplement can be downloaded over the internet at http://www.un.org/docs/sg/agpeace.html & http://www.un.org/docs/sg/agsupp.html)
• Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Preventing Deadly Conflict, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Dec 1997 (http://www.ccpdc.org/frpub.htm) In order to view the Web version of the full Report, you'll need to download the free Adobe Acrobat Reader from http://www.adobe.com/prodindex/acrobat/readstep.html. (The Microsoft Word files are compressed in ZIP format. The Word format files and the Text-only Web pages do not include all of the tables in the original document). To order the book (new addition being published), please contact CCPDC at (202) 332-7900 or email pdc@carnegie.org.
• David Smock, USIP-Assisted Peacemaking Projects of Nonprofit Organizations (http://www.usip.org/pubs/pworks/smock20/smopwk20.html)

• Janne Nolan, 'The Concept of Cooperative Security,' Global Engagement, 3-18
• Evans, Cooperating for Peace, 3-16, 182-89

• Janne Nolan, et al., 'The Imperatives for Cooperation,' Global Engagement, 19-61
• Janne Nolan & John Steinbruner, 'A Transition Strategy for the 1990s,' Global Engagement, 573-94
• Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace, paras 81-96
• Peter Lawler, 'The Core Assumptions and Presumptions of 'Cooperative Security', in The New Agenda for Global Security, ed., Stephanie Lawson, 39-57
• Victor Kremenyuk & William Zartman, 'Prospects of Cooperative Security and Conflict Reduction', in Cooperative Security, eds., Victor Kremenyuk & William Zartman, 331-41
• Gareth Evans, 'Cooperative Security and Intrastate Conflict,' Foreign Policy, no. 96, Fall 1994, 3-20

• Catherine McArdle Kelleher, 'Cooperative Security in Europe,' Global Engagement, 293-352
• Richard N. Haass, 'Enlarging NATO: A Questionable Idea Whose Time Has Come', Brookings Policy Brief No. 16 (http://www.brook.edu/ES/POLICY/Polbrf16.htm)
• James Goodby, 'NATO Enlargement and an Undivided Europe,' Stanford University, May 8, 1997
• (http://www-leland.stanford.edu/group/CISAC/test/conferences/payne4.html)
• Kori Schake, 'Europe After NATO Expansion: The Unfinished Security Agenda', University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, Policy Paper 38 (Http://www-igcc.ucsd.edu/igcc2/PolicyPapers/pp38.html)
• Michael Mandelbaum, 'NATO Expansion: A Bridge to the Nineteenth Century,' Occasional Paper The Center for Political and Strategic Studies, June, 1997, (http://www.cpss.org/nato/mandel97.htm)
• László Borhi, "NATO Expansion: A Hungarian Perspective", Occasional Paper, The Center for Political and Strategic Studies, June 1997 (http://www.cpss.org/nato/laszlo.htm)
• Ariel Cohen, 'Nato Enlargement is No Threat to U.S.-Russian Relations', Heritage Foundation Executive Memorandum, No.510, February 26, 1998 (http://www.heritage.org/library/)

• Robert D. Blackwill adn Kristin Archik, 'The United States, Europe, and the New Security Threats', 1998 (http://www.foreignrelations.org/studies/transcripts/rdblackwill.html)
• Ruth Wedgwood, 'Regional and Subregional Organizations in International Conflict Management,í Managing Global Chaos, 275-85
• James Goodby, 'Can Collective Security Work? 'Reflections on the European Caseí, Managing Global Chaos, 237-53
• C.C. Pentland, 'European Security after the Cold War: Issues and Institutions,' in Building a New Global Order, eds., David Dewitt, et al., 59-85
• William Zartman, 'Systems of World Order & Regional Conflict Reduction,' in Cooperative Security, eds., Victor Kremenyuk & William Zartman, 3-24

• James Schear, 'Global Institutions in a Cooperative Order: Does the United Nations Fit?' Global Engagement, 243-98
• Evans, Cooperating for Peace, 17-36, 169-91
• Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peac, paras 60-65 (http://www.un.org/docs/sg/agpeace.html)
• Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Preventing Deadly Conflict, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Dec 1997 (http://www.ccpdc.org) 129-150
• Geoffrey Kemp, 'Cooperative Security in the Middle East,' Global Engagement, 391-418
• Harry Harding, 'Cooperative Security in the Asia-Pacific Region,' Global Engagement, 419-46
• Kanti Bajpai & Stephen Cohen, 'Cooperative Security and South Asian Insecurity,' Global Engagement, 447-80

• Jost Delbrück, 'The Role of the United Nations in Dealing With Global Problems', Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol 4:2, Spring 1997 (http://www.law.indiana.edu/glsj/vol4/no2/delpgp.html)
• Caesar Sereseres, 'The Regional Peacekeeping Role of the Organization of American States: Nicaragua, 1990-1993,' Managing Global Chaos, 551-562

• Evans, Cooperating for Peace, 39-51
• Antonia Handler & Abram Chayes, 'Regime Architecture: Elements and Principles', Global Engagement, 65-130
• Leonard Spector & Jonathan Dean, 'Cooperative Security: Assessing the Tools of the Trade,' Global Engagement, 131-74
• Wolfgang H. Reinicke, 'Cooperative Security and the Political Economy of Nonproliferation,' Global Engagement, 175-234
• Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace: Supplement paras 57-65 (http://www.un.org/docs/sg/agsupp.html)
• Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Preventing Deadly Conflict, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Dec 1997 (http://www.ccpdc.org) 16-19; 69-81
• James E. Goodby and Harold Feiveson, 'Ending the Threat of Nuclear Attack,' Center for International Security and Arms Control, Stanford University, May 1997 (http://www-leland.stanford.edu/group/CISAC/test/pub/ending.pdf) [Note: You need to have installed Adobe Acrobat Reader to download this document - to install go to http://www.adobe.com/prodindex/acrobat/readstep.html]

• 'Report of the Conference on Disarmament to the General Assembly of The United Nations', 9 September 1997 (http://www.unog.ch/frames/disarm/curdoc/1476.htm)
• Andrew Butfoy, 'Arms Control Regimes: Some Critical Reflections,' in The New Agenda for Global Security, ed., Stephanie Lawson, 75-88

• Kenneth Flamm and Edward Lincoln, 'Time to Reinvent APEC' Brookings Policy Brief No. 26, November 1997 (http://www.brook.edu/ES/POLICY/Polbrf26.htm)
• Robert Z. Lawrence and Robert E. Litan, 'Globaphobia: The Wrong Debate Over Trade Policy', Brookings Policy Brief No. 24 (http://www.brook.edu/ES/POLICY/Polbrf24.htm)
• Nora Claudia Lustig, 'NAFTA: Setting the Record Straight Brookings", Policy Brief No. 20 (http://www.brook.edu/ES/POLICY/Polbrf20.htm)
• Nicholas R. Lardy, 'China and the WTO', Policy Brief No. 10 (http://www.brook.edu/ES/POLICY/Polbrf10.htm)
• Robert D. Blackwill, 'U.S.-European Economic Relations and World Trade', Task Force on the Future of Transatlantic Relations, Council on Foreign Relations (http://www.foreignrelations.org/studies/transcripts/europe.html)

• Leonard J. Edwards, 'APEC'S Agenda: 1997 and Beyond', Heritage Lecture No. 588 March 12, 1997 (http://www.heritage.org/library/ )

• Nicole Ball, 'The Challenge of Rebuilding War-Torn Societies,í Managing Global Chaos, 607-622
• Neil Kritz, 'The Rule of Law in the Postconflict Phase: Building a Stable Peace,í Managing Global Chaos, 587-606
• Evans, Cooperating for Peace, 52-58
• Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace, paras 55-59 (http://www.un.org/docs/sg/agpeace.html); An Agenda for Peace: Supplement paras 47-56 (http://www.un.org/docs/sg/agsupp.html)
• Barbara F. Walter, 'Designing Transitions From Violent Civil War', Policy Paper 31, University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (Http://www-igcc.ucsd.edu/igcc2/PolicyPapers/pp31.html)
• Pauline Baker, 'Conflict Resolution Versus Democratic Governance,í Managing Global Chaos, 563-71
• Kofi Annan, 'Establishment of International Criminal Court', Press Release L/ROM/23) July 18, 1998 (http://www.un.org/icc/)
• Brett D. Schaefer, 'The International Criminal Court: Threatening US Sovereignty and Security,' Heritage Foundation Executive Memorandum, No. 537, July 2, 1998 (http://www.heritage.org/library/)

• Fen Osler Hampson, 'Why Orphaned Peace Settlements Are More Prone to Failure,' Managing Global Chaos, 533-50
• Beatriz Manz and Amy Ross, 'U.N. Peace-Building in Guatemala,' Peace Review 8:4 (1996): 529-34
• Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, United Nations, July 17, 1998 (http://www.un.org/icc/) [read preamble, pts 1,9,10,13]
• A Report on a United States Institute of Peace Conference, 'Rwanda: Accountability for War Crimes and Genocide' (http://www.usip.org/oc/sr/rwanda1.html)

• The International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development (ICHRDD) 'Towards an Effective International Criminal Court: Meeting the Challenge', (gopher://gopher.igc.apc.org:70/00/orgs/icc/ngodocs/rome/ichrdd.txt)
• ABCs_of_ICC_txt [Good description of events leading to establishment of ICC] (gopher://gopher.igc.apc.org:70/00/orgs/icc/new/ABCs_of_ICC_txt)

• Evans, Cooperating for Peace, 61-85
• Bloomfield. Managing International Conflict, 57-71
• Michael Lund, 'Early Warning & Preventive Diplomacy,í Managing Global Chaos, 379-402
• Saadia Touval, 'Lessons of Preventive Diplomacy in Yugoslavia,íManaging Global Chaos, 403-418
• Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace, paras 23-33 (http://www.un.org/docs/sg/agpeace.html); Supplement paras 26-32 (http://www.un.org/docs/sg/agsupp.html)
• Ruddy Doom, 'Early warning and conflict prevention Minerva's Wisdom?' Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, 4 July 1997 (http://www-jha.sps.cam.ac.uk/a/a008.htm)
• James F. Miskel and Richard J. Norton, 'The Paradox of Early Warning', Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, 4 July 1997, http://www-jha.sps.cam.ac.uk/a/a014.htm
• Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Preventing Deadly Conflict, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Dec 1997 (http://www.ccpdc.org) 43-51

• Bloomfield. Managing International Conflict, 116-48

• David Smock, USIP-Assisted Peacemaking Projects of Nonprofit Organizations (http://www.usip.org/pubs/pworks/smock20/smopwk20.html) (Read all articles)
• Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Preventing Deadly Conflict, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Dec 1997 (http://www.ccpdc.org) 109-28
• Louise Diamond & John McDonald, Multitrack Diplomacy, 11-25, 37-52, 131-65
• Herbert Kelman, 'The Interactive Problem-Solving Approach,í Managing Global Chaos, 501-20

• Eileen Babbitt & Tamra DíEstree, 'An Israeli-Palestinian Womenís Workshop,í Managing Global Chaos, 521-29
• Pamela Aall, 'Nongovernmental Organizations and Peacemaking,í Managing Global Chaos, 433-43
• Harold Saunders, 'Prenegotiation and Circum-negotiation,í Managing Global Chaos, 419-32
• Joseph Montville, 'Transnationalism and the Role of Track-Two Diplomacy', in Approaches to Peace, ed., Thompson, et al., 253-70
• J.V. Montville, 'The Arrow and the Olive Branch: A Case for Track Two Diplomacy,' The Psychodynamics of International Relationships, V.D. Volkan, J.V. Montville and D.A. Julius, (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1991) vol 2, 161-76
• D.A.Julius, 'The Practice of Track Two Diplomacy in the Arab-Israeli Conferences,' in The Psychodynamics of International Relationships, V.D. Volkan, J.V. Montville and D.A. Julius, (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1991) vol 2, 193-206

Nov 9 Peacekeeping & Preventive Deployment

• Evans, Cooperating for Peace, 81-85, 99-129
• Roberts, 'The Crisis in UN Peacekeeping,í Managing Global Chaos, 297-320
• Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace, paras 46-54 (http://www.un.org/docs/sg/agpeace.html); Agenda for Peace:Supplement paras 33-46 (http://www.un.org/docs/sg/agsupp.html)
• Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Preventing Deadly Conflict, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Dec 1997 (http://www.ccpdc.org) 63-65
• Department of Public Information, United Nations, 'UN PEACE-KEEPING: Some Questions and Answers', June 1998 (useful responses to common questions of UN Peacekeeping, http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/

Further Reading

• A.B. Fetherston, 'Habitus in Cooperating for Peace: A Critique of Peackeeping' in The New Agenda for Global Security, ed., Stephanie Lawson, 101-18
• Margaret Karns & Karen Mingst, 'Maintaining International Peace and Security: UN Peackeeping and Peacemaking', in World Security: Challenges for a New Century, 2nd ed., ed. Michael T. Klare & Daniel Thomas, 188-215

Nov 16 Economic Sanctions & Peace Enforcement

• Evans, Cooperating for Peace, 133-53, 160-65
• Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Preventing Deadly Conflict, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Dec 1997 (http://www.ccpdc.org) 52-63
• Alexander George, 'The Role of Force in Diplomacy: A Continuing Dilemma for U.S. Foreign Policy,í Managing Global Chaos, 209-222
• Eliot Cohen, 'Military Power and International Order: Is Force Finished,í Managing Global Chaos, 223-36
• Richard Haas, 'Using Force: Lessons and Choices for US Foreign Policy,í Managing Global Chaos, 197-208
• William Perry, 'Military Action: When to Use It and How to Ensure Its Effectiveness,' Global Engagement, 235-242.
• Boutros-Ghali, Agenda for Peace:Supplement paras 66-80 (http://www.un.org/docs/sg/agsupp.html)
• Bloomfield. Managing International Conflict, 83-97

• Richard Leacer, 'Sanctions, Enforcement, and the Blue Book,' in The New Agenda for Global Security, ed., Stephanie Lawson, 89-101
• Stephen Shalom, 'Reflections on Intervention,' Peace Review 8:4 (1996): 459-66
• Richard Falk, 'Grounds to Reject Intervention,' Peace Review 8:4 (1996): 467-70
• David Carroll Cochran, 'Complicating Military Intervention's Moral Case', Peace Review 8:4 (1996): 499-504

• Evans, Cooperating for Peace, 153-59
• Richard Betts, 'The Delusion of Impartial Intervention,í Managing Global Chaos, 333-41
• Warren Strobel, 'The Media and US Policies Toward Intervention,í Managing Global Chaos, 357-76
• Barry Blechman, 'Emerging from the Intervention Dilemma,í Managing Global Chaos, 287-95
• Larry Minear, 'Humanitarian Action and Peacekeeping Operations: A Background Paper for the UNITAR/IPS/NIRA Singapore Conference', Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, Feb. 24-26, 1997 ( http://www-jha.sps.cam.ac.uk/a/a024.htm)
• Hugo Slim, 'International Humanitarianism's Engagement With Civil War in the 1990s', Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, 1 March 1998 (http://www-jha.sps.cam.ac.uk/a/a565.htm)
• Tobias Vogel, 'The Politics of Humanitarian Intervention,' Journal of Humanitarian Assistance 3 September 1996 (http://www-jha.sps.cam.ac.uk/a/a018.htm)

• Mary Anderson, 'Humanitarian NGOs in Conflict Intervention,í Managing Global Chaos, 343-54
• Keith Suter, 'Globalism and Humanitarian Intervention,' Peace Review 8:4 (1996): 515-20
• Mohamed Sahnoun, 'Managing Conflict After the Cold War,'Peace Review 8:4 (1996): 485-92
• Taylor B. Seybolt, 'The Myth of Neutrality,' Peace Review 8:4 (1996): 521-27

Nov 30 Exam Handed Out

Dec 7 Conclusion

Dec 7 Exam Due
 

Using Case Data

• Pick out a conflict from the 85 case studies listed by CASCON, set this as your base case.
• Read the precis to ensure it has all three phases.
• Group cases by conflict type, then identify those similar conflicts that are primarily internal, then those that are external.
• Group conflicts by region type, you should then be able to identify other conflicts in the region as your base case. Do a print preview.
• Taking note of the features relevant to the conflict chosen, identify other cases through the Case Filter Criteria using only Conflict Type and Issue. Save this under the name of your case. Do a print preview.
• Perform a graph of comparison to find the most similar conflict to your base conflict for phase 2.
• Perform a graph of comparison to find the most similar conflict to your base conflict for phase 3. Is this the same as in phase 2?

• For your base case, identify ethnic factors in the conflict for phase 1
• For your base case, identify military strategic factors for phase 2
• For your base case, identify economic factors for phase 3. Do a print preview.
• For Phase One, group factors by case coding, identify the category with most T3 factors. Do a print preview
• For Phase Two, group factors by case coding, identify the category with most A3 factors. Do a print preview
• For Phase Three, a Summary of Case Factor Codings.
• Do a factor comparison summary for your base case and the most similar conflict in phase 2
• For your base case and the most similar conflict, group factors by matched coding and identify A factors decreasing the conflict for Phase two.
• Do a factor comparison summary for your base case and the most similar conflict for phase 3.
• For your base case and the most similar conflict, group factors by matched coding and identify T factors increasing the conflict for Phase three.

 
End of exercize, you now have sufficient understanding of CASCON to perform your individual exercize. Good luck!  

 

Individual Exercise (Managing International Conflict, 177-81; 192-93) To be completed in your own time and submitted on Nov 2.   Making the conflict you chose in the in-class exercise your base conflict, choose another from the 85 listed by CASCON that you believe to be most similar and print out the following:

• Import PRO file 1 [under usercase menu] from CASCON and perform a factor comparison summary with the base case from your in-class exercize. Take note of the comparability measure. Group those factors diminishing the conflict (A factors) by matched coding for Phase II and print this information and write on the bottom the comparability measure. Write a paragraph of approximately 100 words explaining the significance of this part of the exercize for preventive diplomacy.

•  Import PRO file 2 [under usercase menu] from CASCON and perform a factor comparison summary with the base case from your in-class exercize. Write down the comparability measure. Group those factors increasing the conflict (T factors) by matched coding for Phase II and print this information and write on the bottom the comparability measure. Write a paragraph of approximately 100 words explaining the significance of this part of the exercize for preventive diplomacy.

• Import PRO file 3 [under usercase menu] from CASCON and perform a factor comparison summary with the base case from your in-class exercize. Write down the comparability measure. Group those factors diminishing the conflict (A factors) by matched coding for Phase III and print this information and write on the bottom the comparability measure. Write a paragraph of approximately 100 words explaining the significance of this part of the exercize for preventive diplomacy.

• Write a half page essay (200-300 words) identifying, in your view, the strengths and weaknesses of CASCON. Explain how you would persuade a prospective employer, in the field of conflict management, that your understanding of CASCON was an important skill.